The homologous biosystematics of the umbilicariaceae (ascomycota) in the world

Biosystematics is the science of studying biodiversity and its relationships in nature. It aims to divide the biodiversity into monophyletic taxa of different grades based on their relationships, such as species, genera, families, orders, classes, phyla, and kingdoms. Homologous biosystematics is to comb diverse organisms in nature into different classes of monophyletic taxa according to their homologous characteristics. The homologous characteristics are inherited from both the genotype and phenotype of the same ancestor, and they have been associated with divergent evolution. In this book, the author presents the result of a homology analysis of homologous characteristics in the specimens of the Umbilicariaceae from the world. It contains an introduction, biosystematics, and taxonomy, which contains 125 species respectively belonging to the genera Lasallia and Umbilicaria including 34 new species with one new form and one new name. Each species has one or more color photographs attached. The references cited and index of scientific names for taxa are also attached.